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Depression and Bipolar Disorder

I don't feel like me.

 

Depression and postpartum depression share similarities but are distinct in key ways.

 

Major depression (MDD) is a broad mental health condition that affects mood, energy, and daily functioning, often caused by a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors.

 

Postpartum depression (PPD), on the other hand, is a specific form of depression that occurs after childbirth, influenced by hormonal shifts, sleep deprivation, and the emotional challenges of new motherhood. While both conditions involve persistent sadness, fatigue, and changes in appetite or sleep, PPD also includes unique struggles, such as difficulty bonding with the baby and overwhelming guilt about parenting.

 

Recognizing the differences, and differentiating MDD and PPD from bipolar disorder, is essential for proper support and treatment. Depression symptoms vary in severity and duration, often lasting for weeks or months. If symptoms persist or interfere with daily life, seeking professional help is crucial.​​

Woman in natural light
Sad on Couch

Major Depression

Depression can manifest in a variety of emotional, physical, and behavioral symptoms, including:

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Emotional Symptoms:

  • Persistent sadness, emptiness, or hopelessness

  • Loss of interest or pleasure in activities once enjoyed (anhedonia)

  • Feelings of worthlessness, guilt, or self-blame

  • Irritability, frustration, or restlessness

  • Difficulty concentrating, making decisions, or remembering things

Physical Symptoms:

  • Fatigue or loss of energy

  • Changes in appetite (overeating or loss of appetite)

  • Weight changes (gain or loss)

  • Sleep disturbances (insomnia or excessive sleeping)

  • Unexplained aches, pains, or digestive problems

Behavioral Symptoms:

  • Social withdrawal or isolation

  • Difficulty completing daily tasks or responsibilities

  • Increased use of substances like alcohol or drugs

  • Slowed speech or movements

  • Suicidal thoughts or attempts

 

Depression symptoms vary in severity and duration, often lasting for weeks or months. If symptoms persist or interfere with daily life, seeking professional help is crucial.

Postpartum Depression

Postpartum Depression (PPD) is a serious mood disorder that affects parents after childbirth. It goes beyond the common "baby blues" which are normal and experienced within the first 2 weeks after giving birth. PPD can cause persistent sadness, anxiety, and difficulty bonding with the baby. PPD can develop anytime within the first year postpartum and, if untreated, can impact both the parent and child.

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Symptoms of PPD:

  • Persistent sadness, hopelessness, or tearfulness

  • Loss of interest in activities once enjoyed

  • Extreme fatigue or difficulty sleeping (beyond typical newborn sleep challenges)

  • Difficulty bonding with the baby

  • Intense irritability, anger, or anxiety

  • Thoughts of self-harm or harming the baby (in severe cases)

Mother and Baby
Sad

Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder is a condition that causes extreme mood swings, including depressive episodes and periods of mania or hypomania. Postpartum bipolar disorder is when these mood swings occur during pregnancy or after childbirth. Some individuals may have undiagnosed bipolar disorder before pregnancy, while others experience their first episode postpartum.

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Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder:

  • Depressive episodes: Similar to MDD and PPD, with deep sadness, fatigue, and loss of interest

  • Manic or hypomanic episodes:

    • Extreme energy or feeling "wired"

    • Decreased need for sleep without feeling tired

    • Racing thoughts and impulsivity

    • Grandiosity or unrealistic beliefs about abilities

    • Risk-taking behaviors (e.g., overspending, reckless actions)

  • Severe cases may include psychosis (hallucinations, delusions), requiring immediate medical attention

How Are MDD, PPD and Bipolar Disorder Diagnosed?

Diagnosis is made by a healthcare provider, such as a doctor, nurse practitioner, or psychiatrist, through:

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  • Clinical assessment – A detailed discussion of symptoms, mood changes, sleep patterns, and personal/family mental health history.

  • Screening tools – Questionnaires like the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), or Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ).

  • Observation over time – Differentiating MDD and PPD from bipolar disorder is crucial, as treatment approaches differ.

Teen Psychologist

  • Therapy – Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy (IPT) can be highly effective.

  • Medication – Some antidepressants and mood stabilizers are safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

  • Lifestyle & Support – Social support, proper nutrition, and sleep hygiene play critical roles in recovery.

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Risks of Treatment vs. Non-Treatment

Risks of Treatment vs. Non-Treatment

Risks of Treatment vs. Non-Treatment

Treatment Options May Include:

  • Therapy – Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy (IPT) can be highly effective.

  • Medication – Some antidepressants and mood stabilizers are safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

  • Lifestyle & Support – Social support, proper nutrition, and sleep hygiene play critical roles in recovery.

Risks of Treatment

  • Medication side effects – Some medications may have mild risks but are often outweighed by the dangers of untreated illness.

  • Adjustment period – Finding the right medication or therapy approach may take time.

Risks of
Non-Treatment

For the Mother

  • Increased risk of worsening depression, suicidal thoughts, or self-harm

  • Higher likelihood of chronic mental health struggles

  • Struggles with bonding and engaging with the baby

  • Increased relationship strain with partners and family

  • Higher risk of postpartum psychosis (in bipolar disorder cases)

Risks of
Non-Treatment

For the Infant

  • Increased risk of preterm birth or low birth weight (if symptoms begin in pregnancy)

  • Higher likelihood of developmental, emotional, and behavioral challenges

  • Disrupted attachment, which may affect long-term emotional security

The Bottom Line:

Untreated mental health conditions pose significant risks to both the client and their family. Seeking professional care leads to better long-term outcomes for the entire family. You are not alone, and help is available.

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​If you’re scared, unsure, or worried about yourself or someone you love, let's chat. It costs nothing to ask for help but that one conversation could change everything​

Change your thoughts.
Change your world.

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